ILLU5060 - Academic Presentation & Harvard Referencing

​Academic Presentation & Harvard Referencing Lecture Notes

Correct formatting for references within the bibliography & citations within the body of work.
Essay writing tips

1. Using quality sources – sources form the foundation of knowledge for the rest of your essay content & so they should be solid – Scholarly articles, academic books.
2. Pursue a clear rhetoric – express a stream of consciousness alongside theoretical perceptions, commentary, analysis, insights. Provide reasoning for conclusions. Evaluate sources’ perspectives & form your perspective in response.
   What do you want so say? – outline your perspective & clarify your position on the subject.
3. Structure – lead the argument through a clear thread of thought
   Intro 5 %– 10% of word count – Outline key themes & set up key-points to address in the essay
   Main Body 85% - 75% of word count – One main topic per paragraph, with relevant references throughout. Link paragraphs together to help the essay flow.
   Conclusion 10% - 15% of word count – summarise key-points, final answer to the question.
   Planning – Map out topic, flesh out with quotes, convert into a bullet-point draft.
4. Drafting & redrafting – refine the content, clarify the structure, & evaluate the flow. Proof-reading & checking references
   Draft > Review > Edit
   Editing:
   Content – Answering the brief correctly with constant references & sufficient depth.
   Structure – Flow of points & topics, coherent writing & well-formed paragraphs.
   Clarity – Being specific, concise sentences & clear rhetoric. Reducing generalisations. Trim overly verbose language, get to a clear point.
   Rearrange drafts to structure the final essay.
   Paragraph structure
   Point – State the point you want to make
   Evidence – Expand upon point, refer to sources through quote or paraphrase.
   Explain – Offer commentary and critique, contextualise within your discussion. Offer counter-perspectives.
5. Polish your tone – Formal tone
   Establish & use key vocabulary
   Avoid use of first & second person (I, my, you etc.)
   Aim for a similar style present in academic sources.

Referencing
When to reference:

• Directly quoting a source
• Paraphrasing a source
• Refer to a visual source

Acknowledge what is and isn’t your own work by including a reference.
Cite them right online - Home
Citations
In-Text reference or Citation
Inserted into main body of the essay, signposts reader to the end-text reference
(Surname only or organisation if no author, Date of publication, include page number for quotes from books)
A citation may be immediately after a quotation/ reference.
A citation may be integrated into a sentence where an author’s name is mentioned.
Paraphrasing – still requires a citation
Re-phrasing an author’s idea into your own words may demonstrate a deeper understanding of the content.
Paraphrasing can sometimes assist in the flow of content
Paraphrasing can diversify your sources to reduce the number of quotations used in your essay.
Bibliography

• Every cited source + additional reading
• Listed alphabetically by surname or organisation
• No numbers, no lists by source type/ categories

Reference Formatting

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Reference formats
Books & e-books:
<Surname>, <Initial> <(Date of publication)> <Title>. <Edition.> <Place of publication>: <Publisher.>
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Journal articles & Magazines
<Surname,> <initial.> <(Date)> <‘Title’,> <Journal Name,> <volume (issue),> pp.<start page – end page.>
Websites
<Author> <(Date)> <Title> Available at: <Link/ full URL> <(Accessed: date).>

Edited Books
<editor surname> <editor initial> <’chapter title’> (ed.) <title> <published location:> <publisher name.> pp.<start page number> - <end page number>

Images
Image reference list in numerical order.
Images embedded, labelled with creator, year & title.
Sperate image list after bibliography.
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Direct reader to image using notation (Fig. <number>) or (Illust. <number>)

Image caption/ citation
 Fig. <Number> <Name of creator First & Sur> <(Production Date)> <Title> <[Medium & Optional dimensions]>

Image from a website
<Surname,> <Initial.> <(date)> <Title> <[Medium]> Available at: <Link> Accessed on <(Access date)>

Image from a book/ magazine
<caption details> <book reference>/ <magazine reference>